It is also possible that taking relatively more smaller bites affect peoples' assumption that intake is higher compared to fewer larger bites, and therefore lead to lower food intake. Effort can be considered as an external cue and may unconsiously infleunce food intake. Food intake has been shown to be highly influenced by external factors as visual cues, serving and portion size, and effort, , –. Due to a relatively higher number of bites which is associated with more effort, small bites may lead lower food intake. Consuming small bites rather than large bites involves more bites for consumption of the same amount of food. The bite or sip size and are determined by food properties, ,, and by individual characteristics. Sips of 5 g compared to 20 g have led to a reduction of 29% and 16% in regular energy orangeade and no energy containing orangeade, respectively. Bites of 5 g compared to bites of 15 g have led to a reduction of 30% in a chocolate dairy product and in tomato soup. Controlled experimental studies that used fixed bite/sip sizes showed a reduction in intake for smaller bites/sips. A number of studies have demonstrated a positive relationship between bite and sip size and the amount of food intake, ,, –. Foods that are consumed quickly and require minimal oral processing, such as beverages and foods low in fiber content, lead to higher ad libitum intake, ,, , and therefore promote over-consumption.Įating rate (g/min) is influenced by bite size. There is growing evidence that oral processing is important in the regulation of food intake –. Overweight and obesity are the result of a long-term positive energy balance in which energy intake is higher than energy expenditure. Obesity is an increasing problem in Western society. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, or preparation of the manuscript, or decision to publish.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: This work was supported by the Science and Technology Foundation of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (grant number 07438) with: Unilever, Danone Nederland, FrieslandCampina, and Top Institute Food and Nutrition. Received: AugAccepted: NovemPublished: January 23, 2013Ĭopyright: © 2013 Bolhuis et al. Pennington Biomedical Research Center, United States of America The game is solving brain bending puzzles and uncovering mysteries upon mysteries.Citation: Bolhuis DP, Lakemond CMM, de Wijk RA, Luning PA, de Graaf C (2013) Consumption with Large Sip Sizes Increases Food Intake and Leads to Underestimation of the Amount Consumed. The information of mankind’s history was stored in these terminals so that whoever would like to know would know. You will learn that some years ago humankind was wiped out because of a deadly virus that was hidden in the earth’s permafrost, and as a result of global warming, it was released to the atmosphere infecting the population causing them to lose their sanity, then die. Progressing though the game, you will be able to use computer terminals in various places, where you will learn the fate of mankind. As you explore your surroundings, an other worldly voice will talk to you giving you instructions to “seek him in his temple”. This has been tagged as a philosophically themed puzzle video game where you start out as a robotic being in an amazingly beautiful landscape. The Talos Principle is a first-person, adventure, puzzle video game created by Croteam and published by Developer Digital, the same creators of Serious Sam.
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